基于北斗的大坝连续压实监控系统研究及应用

针对目前在大坝碾压施工过程中,传统施工质量控制方式难以满足日益提高的对高坝施工技术的需要,基于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)和地理信息系统(GIS),对大坝碾压施工质量实时监控技术进行研究。通过安装在碾压机械上的加载设备及振动传感器采集数据,在集成软件处理并记录该碾压机械碾压施工过程,实现对碾压过程全程、全自动的实时监控。将研究结果应用于平桥水库面板堆石坝碾压施工过程中,结果表明,系统实现了对大坝碾压施工过程压实质量参数的有效监控,为大坝高质量、高强度施工提供保障,为工程管理提供便利和依据。     

覆膜对宁南山区马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响

以青薯9号原种为材料，采用大田单因素随机区组设计，以不覆膜为对照，研究了覆盖黑膜和白膜对马铃薯光合特性、荧光参数、干物质积累以及产量的影响。结果表明：与不覆膜相比，覆膜条件下马铃薯净光合速率提高0.4~3.0个百分点，气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度平均增加31.45%和6.58%，Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、PI分别提高了2.47%、12.18%、20.93%；蒸腾速率在马铃薯生育前期覆膜比不覆膜降低20.82%，而后期却比对照增加8.55%，热耗散量子比率Fo/Fm覆膜较不覆膜处理降低7.11%，差异达显著水平；覆膜比不覆膜处理条件下马铃薯干物质积累量增加0.25~1.86个百分点，大薯率和中薯率分别增加33.78%，15.73%，每公顷产量增加43.08%，其中黑膜处理的各项指标优于白膜，黑膜比白膜和不覆膜增产16.86%、54.20%，差异达显著水平。因此，覆膜处理可以显著提高马铃薯的光合性能、荧光参数和产量，有效缓解干旱等逆境引起的马铃薯的衰老，减轻干旱对马铃薯的危害。在宁南山区，马铃薯采用黑色地膜覆盖栽培技术具有延缓叶片衰老和增加产量的作用。     

氟节胺抑制枇杷嫁接成苗砧木萌蘖相关机理初探

为寻找更长效、无害的化学控蘖剂以减轻田间管理劳动强度,以枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)嫁接成苗为材料,喷施有效成分浓度为0.050%,0.071%和0.125%的氟节胺,于不同时期取样观察控蘖效果,并尝试探究相关机理。结果表明,氟节胺减少了叶片单位面积光能的吸收量、抑制了光化学转换,但叶片的热耗散量并无明显变化。进一步测定植株氧化还原状态发现,氟节胺能够快速促进细胞内超氧阴离子(O₂^.-)积累并延缓或抑制H₂O₂的转化,从而诱发氧化胁迫。由此可见,氟节胺可能通过抑制叶片光化学转换和热耗散来破坏新生萌蘖的光合性能,进而抑制其萌发生长,而成熟叶片则通过提升自身抗氧化系统活性耐受氟节胺造成的轻度胁迫。在本试验中,各浓度的氟节胺对控制砧木萌蘖有不同程度的效果,其中浓度为0.125%的氟节胺控蘖效果相对最佳,且基本不会对砧木和嫁接成苗造成持续伤害,其作为化学控蘖剂有一定的应用潜力。     

应用光谱反射测定的植物、土壤及混合光谱特性

以野外采集的土壤与活体植物叶片为研究对象,采用美国生产的SVC HR-1024便携式地物光谱仪,测定了纯土壤、纯植物叶片以及不同植物叶片盖度下的土壤光谱反射率,并对混合光谱特性进行了分析研究,建立了植物叶片盖度光谱估算模型。结果表明:(1)随着植物叶片盖度的增加,土壤光谱曲线逐渐呈现"五谷四峰"的特征,但始终不会高于植被光谱曲线;(2)植物叶片盖度与原始高光谱组成的差值、比值和归一化值3种形式的指数存在着良好的相关性,差值指数的显著性最为明显,组合较好的波段为410~710 nm与700~1400 nm,能反映相关系数最大的波段为690 nm和450 nm;(3)通过一元线性回归法、多元线性逐步回归法和偏最小二乘回归法预测植物叶片盖度可知:光谱特征参数与植物叶片盖度之间具有相关性,其中光化学指数与植被衰减指数的相关系数较大,模型拟合度较高,R^2均达到0.8以上;3种光谱特征参数(植被指数、红边参数、光谱吸收特征参数)中,植被指数与植物叶片盖度建立的模型最稳定、精度最高,可以有效地估算植物叶片盖度3种方法中,多元线性逐步回归法最适宜建立植物叶片盖度预测模型。     

基于EDEM的猪粪接触参数标定

为准确快速获得畜禽粪便的接触参数,该研究通过物理堆积试验与仿真方法对猪粪接触参数进行了标定。测定了不同含水率下猪粪的堆积角,建立了含水率与堆积角的回归方程;基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR球体粘结模型,进行了离散元仿真模拟;采用筛选试验设计(Plackett-BurmanDesign,P-BD)对10个初始参数进行了筛选,发现JKR(Johnso-Kendall-Roberts)表面能、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数对猪粪堆积角影响显著;并根据响应曲面试验设计(Box-BehnkenDesign,B-BD)建立了堆积角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,得到了3个显著性参数值分别为JKR表面能0.03J/m~2、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数0.27、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数0.54;将仿真所得堆积角与物理试验值进行对比验证,相对误差为4.27%。结果表明,该研究提出的标定方法能准确模拟物理堆积试验,可为畜禽粪便接触参数的标定提供参考。     

Effects of ferulic acid on growth performance,immunity and antioxidant status in genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed oxidized fish oil

A study was conducted to characterize the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil on the growth performance, immunity and antioxidant status of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and to determine the role of ferulic acid on the oxidative damage induced by the oxidized fish oil. The tilapia (13.73 ± 0.31 g) were fed four experimental diets containing untreated (peroxide value, POV: 2.2 meq/kg) and highly oxidized (POV: 120.6 meq/kg) fish oil either with or without ferulic acid (0 or 400 mg/kg) supplementation for 12 weeks. From the results, the oxidized fish oil treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA values but decreased the weight gain and the immunological parameters in tilapia. Meanwhile, the serum biochemical indices were significantly affected by the oxidized fish oil. Besides, the addition of ferulic acid partially counteracted the free radical‐induced damage and improved the health status of tilapia. In conclusion, the oxidized fish oil may induce oxidative stress, destroy liver, dysregulate lipid metabolism as well as reduce non‐specific immunity, and eventually result in growth inhibition of tilapia. The ferulic acid supplementation partially offset the negative effects of the oxidized fish oil on tilapia.     

Effects of salinity level on the survival,growth, feed utilization,carcass composition,haematological and serum biochemical changes of juvenile Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) (Asso, 1801) grown in ground saltwater

A study was performed to examine the effects of salinity on water quality, fish performance, carcass composition and haemato‐biochemical parameters in juvenile meagre, Argyrosomus regius. Fish (5.0 g) were stocked in fibreglass tanks at four salinity levels: 8‰, 16‰, 24‰ and 32‰, and fed a pelleted diet (47/17 protein/lipid) for 56 days. Results indicated that the growth, feed utilization, carcass composition and haemato‐biochemical parameters of meagre gradually improved with the increase in salinity up to 24‰ and then significantly (p ≤ .05) decreased at 32‰. The survival per cent showed a significant decrease when A. regius exposed to 8‰ salinity. An improvement with 32%, 47% and 34.1% of FCR, protein productive value and energy utilization was detected at 24‰ compared with 8‰ salinity respectively. The highest content of protein and the lowest of lipids were recorded in fish carcass at 24‰ compared with the opposite trend at 8‰ salinity. The 24‰ salinity treatment exhibited the highest value of haemoglobin (4.9 g/dl) and the lowest ratio (0.73) of albumin/globulin. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly higher at 24‰ and 32‰ salinity than those at 8‰ and 16‰ salinity groups. These findings indicate that 24‰ salinity level might be the best for meagre.     

Effects of dissolved oxygen on the growth performance,haematological parameters,antioxidant responses and apoptosis of juvenile GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study investigated the effects of different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on the growth performance, antioxidant response and apoptosis of juvenile GIFT (genetically improved farmed tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus). GIFT were fed with five DO levels (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L) for 60 days, and the results showed that the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate and crude protein and crude lipid contents of the fish muscle increased at 5 mg/L DO. The activities of the antioxidant and digestive enzymes were significantly up‐regulated with increasing DO levels. However, the haemoglobin content, number of red blood cells, malondialdehyde content, transaminase activities, glucose content and lactic acid levels decreased at higher DO levels. Furthermore, the cardiomyocyte apoptotic index was significantly decreased with increasing DO levels. Our results show that 5 mg/L DO improved growth performance, promoted antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced liver damage in GIFT.     

加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪物理性质和微观结构的影响

加工参数是影响涂抹型再制干酪物性和微观结构的重要因素。通过测定样品的质构性质、融化性、表观黏度和结合微观结构观察，确定加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪的影响。结果表明：剪切速率、加工温度和时间对样品质构指标和融化距离影响显著（P＜0.05），剪切速率由800 r/min升高到1 400 r/min的过程中，硬度、涂抹功和黏着性没有显著升高；适当升高融化温度、延长融化时间会产生更强的乳化性，剪切约2.9 min时样品已呈现乳化状态。确定加工参数为85 ℃、静止预热4 min、800 r/min剪切2.9 min时，     

Design and performance of recirculating aquaculture system for marine finfish broodstock development

Tropical and subtropical climatic conditions in India present an ideal and unique opportunity for being the leader in tropical marine finfish aquaculture. However, the problem persist due to non-availability of marine finfish seed for the culture. In response to this problem, broodstock development of different tropical marine finfishes for seed production was started. The present study was undertaken to design a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and studying their performance in managing the various water quality required for the marine finfish broodstock development and breeding. The design of RAS, developed in the present study, included a broodstock tank, egg collection chamber, electrical pump, rapid sand filter, venturi type protein skimmer and biological filter. Two RAS were designed, one was stocked with a demersal fish species, orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and the other was stocked with a pelagic fish species, Indian pompano (Trachinotus mookalee) at the rate 1 and 0.5 kg/m³ with a sex ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (female: male) respectively. Various physio-chemical parameters, viz, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity, temperature, free carbon dioxide (CO₂) and dissolved oxygen (DO) of both tank water were analyzed to assess the performance of recirculating aquaculture system in maintaining the water quality. Gonadal development of the fishes was assessed and the spawning performance was recorded and finally, economic performance of the system was also evaluated. During the entire experimental period, mean monthly total ammonia nitrogen was less than 0.07 and 0.06 mg L⁻¹ and mean monthly nitrite was less than 0.02 and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ in orange spotted grouper and Indian pompano RAS tanks respectively. The pH (7.8–8.2), DO (>4 mg/L) and alkalinity (100–120 mg/L) were found to be in optimum range in both recirculating aquaculture systems. Carbon dioxide was found to be nil during the entire experimental period in both the systems. In fact these levels were comparable or less than that is reported as the permissible limits for broodstock development. Indian pompano and Orange spotted grouper matured and spawning was obtained with production of fertilized eggs round the year. Economic evaluation showed the price of 10,000 fertilized eggs of orange spotted grouper to be US $ 1.33. The design of RAS devised in the present study is efficient in controlling and maintaining optimum water quality for broodstock development of both demersal and pelagic finfishes. The fishes stocked in RAS attained final maturation and round the year spawning was obtained.